Welcome to Dharshika's Blog

End of 30 years curse in Sri Lanka

2009-05-18T20:27:00.000-07:00

His Excellency Mahinda Rajapaksa , President of Sri Lanka and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces has been officially informed about the successful task accomplishment by the country's top defence officials this evening (May 18).

Secretary Defence Gotabaya Rajapaksa, Chief of Defence Staff, Air Chief Marshal Donald Perera, Army Chief, Lieutenant General Sarath Fonseka, Navy Chief, Vice Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, Air Force Chief, Air Marshal Roshan Goonathilake, Inspector General of Police Jayantha Wickramarathne and Director General of Civil Defence Force Sarath Weerasekara officially reported to the president that the task entrusted on them to liberate the nation from clutches of terrorism has been successfully accomplished and the nation is free from terror. The reporting was made at a charm ceremony held at Temple Trees.

Information Source : http://defence.lk

How to Buy a Laptop

2009-04-23T00:10:00.000-07:00

The most highly evolved species of computer, the laptop (aka notebook) computer allows you to work without being tethered to an office. Portability and good performance make laptop PCs an essential part of the daily lives of millions of people, from college students to business travelers. Even the least-expensive of today's laptops are well equipped for everyday work.

The Big Picture
There are more laptop choices than ever. We'll identify and discuss the available options--including screen size, weight, battery life, and communications ports. more

The Specs Explained
Do you need a superfast CPU? Or a huge hard drive? We'll guide you through the choices and tell you which features are most critical. more

Laptop Shopping Tips
Looking for a powerful, versatile notebook at a reasonable price? Our advice will help you find the right laptop

What is a Virtual school

2009-04-03T01:44:00.000-07:00

A virtual school or cyberschool describes an institution that teaches courses entirely or primarily through online methods. Though there are tens of thousands of commercial and non-accredited courses available online, the term "virtual school" is generally reserved for accredited schools that teach a full-time (or nearly full-time) course of instruction designed to lead to a degree. At the primary and secondary level, accreditation means that virtual schools tend to receive public funding; some publicly funded and private universities also provide accredited online degrees.

All student services are conducted through Internet technology. The virtual school differ/contrasts from the traditional school through the physical media that links administrators, teachers and students and is an alliance of public distance learning schools. Many states in the United States have their own virtual school, and many of them have students numbering in the thousands. By providing a student's social security number the person is then entered into a database where they can choose which classes they want to take.

There are many different virtual school instructional and enrollment models. Instructional models range from fully independent self paced courses to semester based, teacher facilitated courses. Class sizes range widely with anywhere from 25 students to as many as 200 students in each class section. Students keep in contact with teachers and collaborate with other students through web communication tools provided in the course delivery platforms like Blackboard or Moodle . In some cases students communicate by phone with instructors. To help with communication many virtual schools have implemented their own system programs to help build courses and maintain student profiles. There are also many books and training manuals to aid in the development of such schools and courses

Buddhist Wedding

2008-10-26T01:24:00.000-07:00

Buddhist Weddings are influenced by the Hindu culture which gives prominence to ‘Nekath’, the auspicious times.

The ‘Nekatha' is derived from the horoscopes of the Bride and the Groom which is created based on their dates and times of birth.

Of the many traditional events that take place during a Buddhist wedding, the ‘Poruwa’ ceremony is the most important. Therefore it is strictly guided by Nekath.

The Poruwa Siritha (Poruwa Ceremony) appears to have existed in Sri Lanka before the introduction of Buddhism in the 3rd Century B.C.

Through the ages, many innovations have been introduced to the Poruwa Siritha. By and large, the men and women of present day society realize the value of their heritage and are motivated to protect and preserve something of their past for posterity.

The Poruwa Siritha was as valid custom as a registered marriage until the British introduced the registration of marriages by Law in 1870. Today's Poruwa Ceremony has been influenced by both upcountry and low country customs of Sri Lanka.

How do Barcldes Work

2008-10-22T23:30:00.000-07:00

There are lots of types of barcode, but the common one we all see all the time is called UPC, the Universal Product Code.

Each digit is coded by two black and two white stripes. The stripes have widths of from 1 to 4 units, and the total width for each digit is always seven units.

This code is not quite all there is to it, however. Some digits of the barcode are reversed, so that they read right to left. Part of the code has black and white inverted, so black stripes are white and vice versa. This helps cut down errors and allows a computer to work out if the code was read from the wrong end when it was scanned.

Friday 13th June' - NO PETROL DAY

2008-06-10T21:28:00.001-07:00

Dear Friends !!!

Petrol in Pakistan Rs. 17 per litre
Malaysia Rs. 18 per litre
In India it's Rs. 48 per litre
In Sri Lanka it is Rs. 157 per litre

Why this difference in Asia itself?
World Market CRUDE Oil is not
the reason for this. It's all Gain for private owners?
As we are the general public, or
Common Man as R.K.Laxman would
have said, we have to raise our voice,
let's raise thru Emails.

Forward this to all
Indians and Sri Lankans who cares.

IT HAS BEEN CALCULATED THAT IF
EVERYONE DID NOT PURCHASE A
DROP OF PETROL FOR ONE DAY
AND ALL AT THE SAME TIME,
THE OIL COMPANIES WOULD
CHOKE ON THEIR STOCKPILES.

AT THE SAME TIME IT WOULD HIT
THE ENTIRE INDUSTRY WITH A
NET LOSS OVER 4.6 BILLION DOLLARS
WHICH AFFECTS THE BOTTOM LINES
OF THE OIL COMPANIES.

THEREFORE 'Friday 13^th June'
HAS BEEN DECLARED
'STICK IT UP THEIR BEHIND' DAY
AND THE PEOPLE OF THIS NATION
SHOULD NOT BUY A SINGLE DROP
OF PETROL THAT DAY.

THE ONLY WAY THIS CAN BE DONE IS
IF YOU FORWARD THIS E-MAIL TO AS
MANY PEOPLE AS YOU CAN AND AS
QUICKLY AS YOU CAN TO GET THE
WORD OUT. WAITING ON THE
GOVERNMENT TO STEP IN AND
CONTROL THE PRICES IS NOT GOING
TO HAPPEN.

REMEMBER ONE THING, NOT ONLY
IS THE PRICE OF PETROL GOING UP
BUT AT THE SAME TIME, AIRLINES ARE FORCED TO RAISE THEIR PRICES,
TRUCKING COMPANIES ARE FORCED
TO RAISE THEIR PRICES WHICH AFFECTS
PRICES ON EVERYTHING THAT IS
SHIPPED. THINGS LIKE FOOD, CLOTHING, BUILDING SUPPLIES MEDICAL SUPPLIES
ETC.

WHO PAYS IN THE END?

WE DO!

WE CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE.
IF THEY DON'T GET THE MESSAGE
AFTER ONE DAY, WE WILL DO IT
AGAIN AND AGAIN. SO DO YOUR
PART AND SPREAD THE WORD.
FORWARD THIS EMAIL TO
EVERYONE YOU KNOW .
MARK YOUR CALENDARS AND MAKE
June 13^th A DAY THAT THE
CITIZENS SAY

'ENOUGH IS ENOUGH'

We forward so many junk email to
many of our friends, now let us do it
for some useful cause to cut down the
price of the petrol .. ....

REMEMBER :
June 13^th Friday 2008

How to Add Meta Tags Using FrontPage

2008-06-09T00:14:00.000-07:00

1. While editing a specific page:
2. Click "File" from the menu, the select submenu item "Properties".
3. Click on the "Custom" tab at the top of the window that opens up.
4. For the "User Variables" section, click on the "Add" button at the right.
5. In the small window that opens up there will be 2 fields:
- In the first "Name" field, type in the meta name "Description" without the quotes.
- In the second "Value" field, type in the description that you would like displayed in the search engines below your site title. The description should also include the important keywords near the beginning.
- Click the OK button
6. Click on the "Add" button at the right. (You are in the "Custom" area of "Page Properties" window.)
7. In the small window that opens up there will be 2 fields:
- In the first "Name" field, type in the meta name "Keywords without the quotes.
- In the second "Value" field, type in the keywords that you would like to be found with in the search engines. They should be seperated by commas like:
english as a second language, instruction, online editing, and so on
- Put the most important keywords first.
- Click the OK button.
8. Click the OK button on the next window.
9. Save the page.

Resetting the MYSQL Root Password on Windows Systems

2008-06-04T00:26:00.000-07:00

Use the following procedure for resetting the password for any MySQL root accounts on Windows:

Log on to your system as Administrator.
Stop the MySQL server if it is running. For a server that is running as a Windows service, go to the Services manager:
```
Start Menu -> Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Services
```
Then find the MySQL service in the list, and stop it.

If your server is not running as a service, you may need to use the Task Manager to force it to stop.
Create a text file and place the following statements in it. Replace the password with the password that you want to use.
```
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
```
The UPDATE and FLUSH statements each must be written on a single line. The UPDATE statement resets the password for all existing root accounts, and the FLUSH statement tells the server to reload the grant tables into memory.
Save the file. For this example, the file will be named C:\mysql-init.txt.
Open a console window to get to the command prompt:
```
Start Menu -> Run -> cmd
```
Start the MySQL server with the special --init-file option:
```
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld-nt --init-file=C:\mysql-init.txt 
```
If you installed MySQL to a location other than C:\mysql, adjust the command accordingly.

The server executes the contents of the file named by the --init-file option at startup, changing each root account password.

You can also add the --console option to the command if you want server output to appear in the console window rather than in a log file.

If you installed MySQL using the MySQL Installation Wizard, you may need to specify a --defaults-file option:
```
C:\> "C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\bin\mysqld-nt.exe"
        --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\my.ini"
        --init-file=C:\mysql-init.txt 
```
The appropriate --defaults-file setting can be found using the Services Manager:
```
Start Menu -> Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Services
```
Find the MySQL service in the list, right-click on it, and choose the Properties option. The Path to executable field contains the --defaults-file setting.
After the server has started successfully, delete C:\mysql-init.txt.
Stop the MySQL server, then restart it in normal mode again. If you run the server as a service, start it from the Windows Services window. If you start the server manually, use whatever command you normally use.

What is SGML?

2008-06-01T21:13:00.000-07:00

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is a language for defining markup languages such as HTML and for specifying the rules for tagging elements in a document. SGML itself is not a markup language; rather, it is a language to create markup languages. SGML supports the definition of markup languages that are hardware- and software-independent. SGML was developed and standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which published it in 1986. Because of SGML's complexity, HTML and XML were developed as simplified subsets of SGML for use on the Internet.

Some SGML history

In 1969, Charles Goldfarb leads an IBM research project on integrated law office information systems. With E. Mosher and R. Lorie he invented the Generalized Markup Language (GML) as a means of allowing text editing, formatting, and information retrieval subsystems to share documents.

The first working draft of the SGML standard was published in 1980 by ANSI. By 1983, the sixth working draft is recommended as an industry standard (GCA 101-1983). Major adopters included US IRS and DoD.

A draft ISO standard was published in October 1985, and was adopted by the Office of Official Publications of the EU. Another year of review and comment resulted in the final text, which was published in record time after approval (ISO 8879:1986)

Characteristics of SGML

Descriptive Markup

Markup codes categorize parts of a document; they do not tell what processing is to be carried out at particular points in a document (procedural markup).
E.g.:
- ``the following item is a paragraph''
- ``skip down one line, move 5 quads right''
In SGML, instructions needed to process a document for some particular purpose (for example, to format it) are sharply distinguished from the descriptive markup which occurs within the document. Usually, they are collected outside the document in separate procedures or programs.
Document Types
Documents are regarded as having types, and these are expressed by document type definitions (DTD), which enforce markup for that document type.
Data Independence
SGML encoded documents should be transportable from one hardware and software environment to another without loss of information: platforms differ in character sets, file-naming conventions, interpretation of bytes...
SGML provides a general purpose mechanism for string substitution, that is, a simple machine-independent way of stating that a particular string of characters in the document should be replaced by some other string when the document is processed.

Visual Basic Sample Projects

2008-06-01T20:53:00.000-07:00

You can go for sample programe codes(Visual basic 6) using the links below

http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~saul/vb_examples/
http://www11.brinkster.com/notbono/programs.asp
http://www.visualbasic6class.com
http://www.profsr.com/vb/vbintro.htm
http://www.ostrosoft.com/vb/projects.asp
http://www.mvps.org/vbvision/Sample_Projects.htm

How Do ATMs Work?

2008-05-29T22:19:00.000-07:00

An ATM is simply a data terminal with two input and four output devices. Like any other data terminal, the ATM has to connect to, and communicate through, a host processor. The host processor is analogous to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in that it is the gateway through which all the various ATM networks become available to the cardholder (the person wanting the cash).

Most host processors can support either leased-line or dial-up machines. Leased-line machines connect directly to the host processor through a four-wire, point-to-point, dedicated telephone line. Dial-up ATMs connect to the host processor through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number, or through an Internet service provider using a local access number dialed by modem.

Leased-line ATMs are preferred for very high-volume locations because of their thru-put capability, and dial-up ATMs are preferred for retail merchant locations where cost is a greater factor than thru-put. The initial cost for a dial-up machine is less than half that for a leased-line machine. The monthly operating costs for dial-up are only a fraction of the costs for leased-line.

The host processor may be owned by a bank or financial institution, or it may be owned by an independent service provider. Bank-owned processors normally support only bank-owned machines, whereas the independent processors support merchant-owned machines.

Run Your Car on Water - Is it Possible?

2008-05-26T19:19:00.000-07:00

People see cars as ultimate necessities. Who would not wish for his own car when in fact it is really hard to commute on a day to day basis? However, because of the escalating demand for cars, the price of gas which is very much significant to fuel these vehicles also rises. Are you not getting tired of the continuous changes in the cost of gas? More so, a recent innovation called water energy has been found out to bear the capacity of making cars operate. Yes, you got it right! You can run your car on water!

Is it unbelievable? The media has been quite attentive to this discovery as several video clips and news bits have been aired by numerous television channels, broadsheets have printed out the news, and the radio networks have likewise highlighted it and yet, the people remain a bit skeptical about its truth. Accept it. Water energy can thus be possibly generated.

Cars run when there is an energy supplied to its overall system. Moreover, the society has been accustomed to using fossil fuel to energize these vehicles. On the other hand, water is most popularly known by the term "hydro-power". China had already introduced its hydro-powered generator in the past years and it had been widely accepted by the public. Needless to say, it is high time that all and sundry must realize the truth to the usefulness of water in running a car.

A group of scientists had concerted their efforts of unearthing the possibility of generating water fuel and luckily, their efforts had paid off after a span of twenty years. They uncovered that with the use of the so called electrolysis, water can thus be transformed into a flammable gas that is known as Oxyhydrogen. Surprisingly, cars can utilize water energy in its general function with the electrolysis method applied to the battery and engine.

Here are some insights that would convince you that you can indeed make your car run with the use of water.

First and foremost, its possibility can never be questioned since water itself is a molecule thereby its element components may be rearranged through the employment of electricity. Hence, the electricity present in the car battery will be used to rearrange the molecule of water and convert it to Brown's gas or Oxyhydrogen.

Then, if you try to look deeper into the application of the so called Oxyhydrogen, you will find out that your car's engine can definitely produce a flammable gas out of water. Furthermore, you will have to bear such a low cost.

Lastly, Oxyhydrogen is nowadays used in several applications and industiral fields such as in cutting glass and in welding metals. Thus, water energy can surely make a car move.

However, you can't just modify your vehicle on your own. You will need an expert to impose the latest technological breakthrough onto your car. It is either you bring your car to the people who apply the electrolysis process or educate yourself by searching for some tips from the reliable online sources.

Overall, today's technology has gone a long way. Who would ever imagine that this thing can be made possible? Certainly not those who lived in the primitive age! But, you are enveloped in such a modern world so believe it or not, you can run your car on water!

Factors that restrain Centre from raising oil prices

2008-05-25T02:59:00.001-07:00

NEW DELHI: Despite the global crude oil prices spurting to a record $135 a barrel this week and the Indian crude basket touching $125 a barrel, the lack of political consensus along with fear of inflation galloping out of control has prevented the Centre from hiking the prices of petrol and diesel.

With the inflation remaining static at 7.82 per cent this week, the government is concerned over its impact on the economic growth.

Although there has been tremendous pressure to hike the petrol prices, there is a fear within the government that it will not only have political repercussions but also create a negative inflationary impact on a cross section of the economy.

Official sources say the Finance Ministry as well as the Reserve Bank of India are of the view that if petrol prices are hiked at this juncture, it will add to the inflationary pressure and make things further difficult for the government.

“Not the right course”

“We are well aware of the crisis that has been created by the sharp increase in crude prices but then price hike is not the right course in the present scenario and things have to be worked out skilfully so as to not create any further impact on the economy,” a senior official said.

On the other hand, the Left parties have made it clear that they will not support the decision of the UPA government to hike petrol and diesel prices and will strongly oppose any such move. The Bharatiya Janata Party has also threatened to launch an agitation against such a move.

Building a case

However, an effort is on to build a case for a price hike within the ruling Congress, and Petroleum Minister Murli Deora is likely to meet UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi shortly to apprise her of the situation on the oil front.

SFTP in Fedora

2008-05-22T00:01:00.001-07:00

FTP is insecure protocol, but file-transfer is required all time. You can use OpenSSH Server to transfer file using SCP and SFTP (secure ftp) without setting up an FTP server. However, this feature also grants ssh shell access to a user. Basically OpenSSH requires a valid shell.
Here is how sftp works:

SCP/SFTP -> SSHD -> Call sftpd subsystem -> Requires a shell -> User can login to server and run other commands.

Trip to Gampola

2008-05-20T20:45:00.000-07:00

My friends and me went on trip to Gampola on 18,19 of May 2008. There we enjoyed a lot.
Still I could not find any picture of the picnic.
Once I receive them I will post them.

University league table

2008-05-12T21:49:00.000-07:00

The top university league table 2007 ranks universities by measuring nine key aspects of activity. Scores were weighted by 1.5 for student satisfaction and research assessment. The totals for all universities were transformed to a scale where the top score was set at 1,000, with those for the remaining universities being a proportion of that score. If a university was missing any data, the total score was based on the remaining data available.

Student satisfaction: a view of the learning experience at the university, taken from part of the National Student Survey in 2005. The survey It is a measure of student opinion, not a direct measure of quality. Scottish universities were not included and a small number of English ones had insufficient data.

Research assessment: average quality of researchby all staffat the university, from the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise.

Entry standards: average fullfull UCAS tariff score of new students under age 21, from the HESA (Higher Education Statistics Agency) in 2003/04. At A level, an A grade is 120 points, B 100, C 80, D 60, and E 40. AS grades are worth halfas much.

Student-staff ratio: average number of students per staff member at the university, taken from HESA data for 2003/04.

Library/computing spend: average expenditure per student on library and computing facilities, from HESA data between 2001 and 2004.

Facilities spend: average expenditure per student on facilities such as sports, careers services, health and counselling, from HESA data between 2001 and 2004.

Good honours: percentage of graduates achieving a first or upper second class degree, from HESA data for 2003-04.

Graduate prospects: the percentage of a universitys UK graduates in graduate employment or further study, from HESA data for 2003-04. Only occupations that normally need a degree were included.

Completion: the percentage of students at each university who are expected to graduate, including those who transfer to other institutions to complete courses, mainly from HESA data for 2003/04 and earlier years.

What is MIS?

2008-05-12T00:05:00.000-07:00

MIS is about applying information technology to business problems. The emphasis is on finding solutions. To the MIS professional, information technology is a tool, not an end in itself.

How is MIS different from computer science?

Computer science focuses more on technology and less on its use in business. MIS looks less at technology, and more at how it is used.

MIS and computer science courses differ, of course, but so do the support courses. Computer science students take courses that will help them better understand technology, like math classes. MIS students take courses that will help them understand business problems, like accounting and marketing.

Packet Tracer 4.1: Network Simulation Software

2008-05-11T01:50:00.000-07:00

Packet Tracer is a self-paced, visual, interactive teaching and learning tool. It is designed to increase interaction between students and instructors, promote student learning, and enhance instructor presentations. This technology is a new and fun way to expand teaching and learning experiences beyond the limitations of a traditional lab environment. Packet Tracer helps resolve some common challenges that instructors face on a daily basis, while enabling us to explore new frontiers in networking education.

Convert numbers between 0 and 1 to Binary

2008-04-30T07:25:00.000-07:00

Take the decimal expression and repeat-
edly multiply it by 2. At each step, keep track of the integer part of the
result but do not carry it along in subsequent multiplications.

For example, convert decimal 0.7 to binary:
   0.7 * 2 = 1.4
   0.4 * 2 = 0.8
   0.8 * 2 = 1.6
   0.6 * 2 = 1.2
   0.2 * 2 = 0.4
   0.4 * 2 = 0.8
   0.8 * 2 = 1.6
   0.6 * 2 = 1.2  etc.

The binary representation of decimal 0.7 is 0.1011001100...
where the "1100" repeats forever.

Installing DAO 3.6 (Data Access Objects)

2008-04-28T21:12:00.000-07:00

If you work with Windows XP This will definitely workl

download dao360.zip and unzip it into a temporary directory.
Copy the Dao360.dll file to System32 Directory (inside the Windows Derectory)
Add new Reference (Project ->References) .
Show the DAO360.dll by browsing the System32 Directory
Now you can use DAO3.6 Facility

GANTT CHARTS

2008-04-27T23:09:00.000-07:00

A Gantt chart is a graphical representation of the duration of tasks against the progression of time. A Gantt chart is a useful tool for planning and scheduling projects. A Gantt chart is helpful when monitoring a project's progress.

Planning and Scheduling
A Gantt chart allows you to assess how long a project should take. A Gantt chart lays out the order in which tasks need to be carried out. A Gantt chart helps manage the dependencies between tasks.

What is CAT 5 Cable ?

2008-04-27T00:42:00.000-07:00

CAT 5 is short for Category 5 cable, which is the most commonly used cable for wiring computer networks. CAT 5 cable is typically round and is found in various colors, however, the color of the sheathing is irrelevant. All CAT 5 cable features four twisted pairs of wires inside the sheathing.

CAT 5 cable is available with the wire pairs having either a solid or stranded core. The stranded core is typically used for patch cables that are used to connect the computer network card to the network jack terminus. The solid core wire is typically used for runs from the wall termination back to the network patch panel. Solid core CAT 5 cable is also available in standard sheathing or plenum.

Plenum CAT 5 is the same internally, but features a special outer sheath that puts off no toxic fumes when it burns

Batch Processing

2008-04-24T21:42:00.000-07:00

A batch processing system is one where programs and data are collected together in a batch before processing starts.

Each piece of work for a batch processing system is called a job. A job usually consists of a program and the data to be run.

Jobs are stored in job queues until the computer is ready to process them.

There is no interaction between the user and the computer while the program is being run. Computers which do batch processing often operate at night.

Example : Payroll - when a company calculates the wages for its workforce and prints payslips.

MySQL Update Example using PHP

2008-04-23T21:27:00.000-07:00

Once again we will be working with the data from a previous example. Sandy has just had a birthday and she now 22 years old. Our job now is to update her age using MySQL commands like UPDATE, SET, and WHERE.

UPDATE - Performs an update MySQL query
SET - The new values to be placed into the table follow SET
WHERE - Limits which rows are affected

PHP & MySQL Code:

// Connect to MySQL

// Get Sandy's record from the "example" table
$result = mysql_query("UPDATE example SET age='22' WHERE age='21'")
or die(mysql_error()); 


$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM example WHERE age='22'")
or die(mysql_error()); 

// get the first (and hopefully only) entry from the result
$row = mysql_fetch_array( $result );
echo $row['name']." - ".$row['age']. "
";
?>

A Simple Database Backup:

2008-04-23T07:13:00.001-07:00

You can use mysqldump to create a simple backup of your database using the following syntax.

mysqldump -u [username] -p [password] [databasename] > [backupfile.sql]

[username] - this is your database username
[password] - this is the password for your database
[databasename] - the name of your database
[backupfile.sql] - the file to which the backup should be written.

The resultant dump file will contain all the SQL statements needed to create the table and populate the table in a new database server. To backup your database 'Customers' with the username 'sadmin' and password 'pass21' to a file custback.sql, you would issue the command:

mysqldump -u sadmin -p pass21 Customers > custback.sql

You can also ask mysqldump to add a drop table command before every create command by using the option --add-drop-table. This option is useful if you would like to create a backup file which can rewrite an existing database without having to delete the older database manually first.

mysqldump --add-drop-table -u sadmin -p pass21 Customers > custback.sql

Ranking - ICC Test and ODI Championships

2008-04-22T02:21:00.000-07:00

ICC Test Championship

13 Apr 2008

Team	Matches	Points	Rating
Australia	33	4650	141
India	42	4242	111
South Africa	44	4789	109
England	44	4771	108
Sri Lanka	35	3709	106
Pakistan	33	3107	94
New Zealand	25	2277	91
West Indies	31	2380	77
Bangladesh	24	23	1

ICC ODI Championship

19 Apr 2008

Team	Matches	Points	Rating
South Africa	43	5478	127
Australia	44	5597	127
New Zealand	38	4312	113
India	56	6330	113
Pakistan	37	4073	110
England	40	4200	105
Sri Lanka	46	4810	105
West Indies	39	3880	99
Bangladesh	39	1835	47
Ireland	11	217	20
Zimbabwe	31	552	18
Kenya	6	0	0

Fifth-generation programming language

2008-04-21T23:28:00.001-07:00

is a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages and some declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.

While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you. This way, the programmer only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.

These types of languages were also built upon Lisp, many originating on the Lisp machine. ICAD is a good example. Then, there are many frame languages, such as KL-ONE.

In the 1990s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of the future, and some predicted that they would replace all other languages for system development, with the exception of low-level languages. Most notably, from 1982 to 1993 Japan ^[1] ^[2] put much research and money into their fifth generation computer systems project, hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.

However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more apparent. It turns out that, starting from a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

Today, fifth-generation languages have lost part of their initial appeal and are mostly used in academic circles.

Generation languages

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The first generation languages, or 1GL, are low-level languages that are machine language.
The second generation languages, or 2GL, are also low-level languages that generally consist of assembly languages.
The third generation languages, or 3GL, are high-level languages such as C.
The fourth generation languages, or 4GL, are languages that consist of statements similar to statements in a human language. Fourth generation languages are commonly used in database programming and scripts.
The fifth generation languages, or 5GL, are programming languages that contain visual tools to help develop a program. A good example of a fifth generation language is Visual Basic.

Fourth-generation programming language

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A fourth-generation programming language (abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software. Such languages arose after the introduction of modern, block-structured third-generation programming languages, which improved the process of software development.