How Do ATMs Work?

An ATM is simply a data terminal with two input and four output devices. Like any other data terminal, the ATM has to connect to, and communicate through, a host processor. The host processor is analogous to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in that it is the gateway through which all the various ATM networks become available to the cardholder (the person wanting the cash).

Most host processors can support either leased-line or dial-up machines. Leased-line machines connect directly to the host processor through a four-wire, point-to-point, dedicated telephone line. Dial-up ATMs connect to the host processor through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number, or through an Internet service provider using a local access number dialed by modem.

Leased-line ATMs are preferred for very high-volume locations because of their thru-put capability, and dial-up ATMs are preferred for retail merchant locations where cost is a greater factor than thru-put. The initial cost for a dial-up machine is less than half that for a leased-line machine. The monthly operating costs for dial-up are only a fraction of the costs for leased-line.

The host processor may be owned by a bank or financial institution, or it may be owned by an independent service provider. Bank-owned processors normally support only bank-owned machines, whereas the independent processors support merchant-owned machines.

Run Your Car on Water - Is it Possible?

People see cars as ultimate necessities. Who would not wish for his own car when in fact it is really hard to commute on a day to day basis? However, because of the escalating demand for cars, the price of gas which is very much significant to fuel these vehicles also rises. Are you not getting tired of the continuous changes in the cost of gas? More so, a recent innovation called water energy has been found out to bear the capacity of making cars operate. Yes, you got it right! You can run your car on water!

Is it unbelievable? The media has been quite attentive to this discovery as several video clips and news bits have been aired by numerous television channels, broadsheets have printed out the news, and the radio networks have likewise highlighted it and yet, the people remain a bit skeptical about its truth. Accept it. Water energy can thus be possibly generated.

Cars run when there is an energy supplied to its overall system. Moreover, the society has been accustomed to using fossil fuel to energize these vehicles. On the other hand, water is most popularly known by the term "hydro-power". China had already introduced its hydro-powered generator in the past years and it had been widely accepted by the public. Needless to say, it is high time that all and sundry must realize the truth to the usefulness of water in running a car.


A group of scientists had concerted their efforts of unearthing the possibility of generating water fuel and luckily, their efforts had paid off after a span of twenty years. They uncovered that with the use of the so called electrolysis, water can thus be transformed into a flammable gas that is known as Oxyhydrogen. Surprisingly, cars can utilize water energy in its general function with the electrolysis method applied to the battery and engine.

Here are some insights that would convince you that you can indeed make your car run with the use of water.


First and foremost, its possibility can never be questioned since water itself is a molecule thereby its element components may be rearranged through the employment of electricity. Hence, the electricity present in the car battery will be used to rearrange the molecule of water and convert it to Brown's gas or Oxyhydrogen.


Then, if you try to look deeper into the application of the so called Oxyhydrogen, you will find out that your car's engine can definitely produce a flammable gas out of water. Furthermore, you will have to bear such a low cost.

Lastly, Oxyhydrogen is nowadays used in several applications and industiral fields such as in cutting glass and in welding metals. Thus, water energy can surely make a car move.

However, you can't just modify your vehicle on your own. You will need an expert to impose the latest technological breakthrough onto your car. It is either you bring your car to the people who apply the electrolysis process or educate yourself by searching for some tips from the reliable online sources.

Overall, today's technology has gone a long way. Who would ever imagine that this thing can be made possible? Certainly not those who lived in the primitive age! But, you are enveloped in such a modern world so believe it or not, you can run your car on water!

Factors that restrain Centre from raising oil prices

NEW DELHI: Despite the global crude oil prices spurting to a record $135 a barrel this week and the Indian crude basket touching $125 a barrel, the lack of political consensus along with fear of inflation galloping out of control has prevented the Centre from hiking the prices of petrol and diesel.

With the inflation remaining static at 7.82 per cent this week, the government is concerned over its impact on the economic growth.

Although there has been tremendous pressure to hike the petrol prices, there is a fear within the government that it will not only have political repercussions but also create a negative inflationary impact on a cross section of the economy.

Official sources say the Finance Ministry as well as the Reserve Bank of India are of the view that if petrol prices are hiked at this juncture, it will add to the inflationary pressure and make things further difficult for the government.

“Not the right course”

“We are well aware of the crisis that has been created by the sharp increase in crude prices but then price hike is not the right course in the present scenario and things have to be worked out skilfully so as to not create any further impact on the economy,” a senior official said.

On the other hand, the Left parties have made it clear that they will not support the decision of the UPA government to hike petrol and diesel prices and will strongly oppose any such move. The Bharatiya Janata Party has also threatened to launch an agitation against such a move.

Building a case

However, an effort is on to build a case for a price hike within the ruling Congress, and Petroleum Minister Murli Deora is likely to meet UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi shortly to apprise her of the situation on the oil front.

SFTP in Fedora

FTP is insecure protocol, but file-transfer is required all time. You can use OpenSSH Server to transfer file using SCP and SFTP (secure ftp) without setting up an FTP server. However, this feature also grants ssh shell access to a user. Basically OpenSSH requires a valid shell.
Here is how sftp works:

SCP/SFTP -> SSHD -> Call sftpd subsystem -> Requires a shell -> User can login to server and run other commands.

Trip to Gampola

My friends and me went on trip to Gampola on 18,19 of May 2008. There we enjoyed a lot.
Still I could not find any picture of the picnic.
Once I receive them I will post them.

University league table

The top university league table 2007 ranks universities by measuring nine key aspects of activity. Scores were weighted by 1.5 for student satisfaction and research assessment. The totals for all universities were transformed to a scale where the top score was set at 1,000, with those for the remaining universities being a proportion of that score. If a university was missing any data, the total score was based on the remaining data available.

Student satisfaction: a view of the learning experience at the university, taken from part of the National Student Survey in 2005. The survey It is a measure of student opinion, not a direct measure of quality. Scottish universities were not included and a small number of English ones had insufficient data.

Research assessment: average quality of researchby all staffat the university, from the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise.

Entry standards: average fullfull UCAS tariff score of new students under age 21, from the HESA (Higher Education Statistics Agency) in 2003/04. At A level, an A grade is 120 points, B 100, C 80, D 60, and E 40. AS grades are worth halfas much.

Student-staff ratio: average number of students per staff member at the university, taken from HESA data for 2003/04.

Library/computing spend: average expenditure per student on library and computing facilities, from HESA data between 2001 and 2004.

Facilities spend: average expenditure per student on facilities such as sports, careers services, health and counselling, from HESA data between 2001 and 2004.

Good honours: percentage of graduates achieving a first or upper second class degree, from HESA data for 2003-04.

Graduate prospects: the percentage of a universitys UK graduates in graduate employment or further study, from HESA data for 2003-04. Only occupations that normally need a degree were included.

Completion: the percentage of students at each university who are expected to graduate, including those who transfer to other institutions to complete courses, mainly from HESA data for 2003/04 and earlier years.

What is MIS?

MIS is about applying information technology to business problems. The emphasis is on finding solutions. To the MIS professional, information technology is a tool, not an end in itself.

How is MIS different from computer science?

Computer science focuses more on technology and less on its use in business. MIS looks less at technology, and more at how it is used.

MIS and computer science courses differ, of course, but so do the support courses. Computer science students take courses that will help them better understand technology, like math classes. MIS students take courses that will help them understand business problems, like accounting and marketing.

Packet Tracer 4.1: Network Simulation Software

Packet Tracer is a self-paced, visual, interactive teaching and learning tool. It is designed to increase interaction between students and instructors, promote student learning, and enhance instructor presentations. This technology is a new and fun way to expand teaching and learning experiences beyond the limitations of a traditional lab environment. Packet Tracer helps resolve some common challenges that instructors face on a daily basis, while enabling us to explore new frontiers in networking education.